The Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain has so far been found hundreds of, for the analysis and identification of its basic types, nature of use, process characteristics and other issues provide sufficient information, so that we have a clearer understanding of the Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain. However, the process of the development of the Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain still remains to be solved in order to find out more accurate physical and literature materials. Since there are still many unknowns in the current research, it is difficult for us to jump over these links and make correct judgments on the development of the entire blue and white flower. The more important reason is that the historical background, technological methods, and nature of the use of Yuan Blue and White have shown considerable complexity, making them appear in the chronological order as the integration of multiple layers that overlap each other.
The development process of the blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty is subject to our scientific explanation based on more physical objects and literature.
Because of the unknown nature of many intermediate links, which are indispensable to detail, it is difficult for us to jump through these secrets and make correct judgments on the development of the entire blue and white flower. The more important reason is that the historical background, technological methods, and nature of the use of Yuan Blue and White are all very complicated, and the development of the Yuan Blue and White Flower appears in the chronological order as the integration of multi-layers that overlap each other. In other words, the division of the nominal time sequence is thick, fuzzy, and logical.
In the process of its own growth and development, the Yuan Dynasty blue-and-white porcelain constantly changed its craft and used different raw materials according to the object of sale of utensils.
From the glaze side, there are three types of white glazes, white glazes, and egg white glazes; from the perspective of green materials, there are two types of imported muddy green materials and domestic green materials.
The difference in the glazed surface of the blue and white and the difference in the green material and the combination of the two can be divided into three stages: the blue and white flowers in the Yanyou Period, the blue and white flowers in the positive period, and the blue and white in the late Yuan.
(A), Yanyou blue and white porcelain
The blue-and-white porcelain slowly developed in the early and middle stages of the Yuan Dynasty. From the early Yuan Dynasty (1271) to the late Yuan Dynasty (1335-1340), sixty to seventy years later, coarse-grained blue and white porcelain were produced intermittently and were mature elements. Blue flower preparation stage.
During the mature period of the blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, the blue and white flowers of Yanyou period still have a lot of originality and primitiveness on the craft. The characteristics can be summarized as follows:
1. Shi Qing white glaze, glaze or slightly transparent or slightly turbid, white or grayish yellow.
2. The use of domestic green materials, coloring green with ash or blue in the green, and some are light green and light at the Department of Qing gray, green and heavy at the Department of green and brown.
In addition, during the Yanyou period, in addition to the blue-and-white line decoration, the blue-and-white flowers used the auxiliary means such as plastic sculpture. In this period, the pattern ornament only saw the patterns of flowers such as peony, Ganoderma lucidum, twig chrysanthemum, lotus pattern, and Ruyi pattern. The patterns of figures and animals were not seen. The composition was simple and the screen was clear.
The basic characteristics of Yanyou blue and white flowers in the process are Shi Qing white glaze and the use of domestic green materials. The blue flower tower bottle unearthed from Yanyou’s six-year-old graves mainly reflected the craftsmanship and decorative features of the blue-and-white flowers of the early Yuan Dynasty, and was the representative of blue-and-white porcelain at this stage.
The blue-and-white statue of Guanyin that was unearthed from the Yuan Dynasty of 1276 to the Yuan-Jinzi dynasty has already had the basic characteristics of Yanyou blue and white flowers. It was the beginning of Yanyou flower's Yanyou period. In 1348, it was still in the blue and white range of Yanyou period that Shizhiqingzi was used as a white porcelain glaze and was made of homegrown green material.
At present, it is known that the blue and white flowers of the Yuanyanyou period unearthed from the tombs of the Jiyue or Jiyue are special utensils or burial devices. At the same time, no artifacts that met the characteristics of Yanyou period were found in the Yuan and Qinghua collections unearthed overseas.
Therefore, there are two aspects of the nature of Yanyou blue and white during the period of Yanyou: First, it is limited to domestic use, and it has not been used as a foreign trade commodity; Second, it is limited to a small amount of firing and has not been used for large-scale production of bulk commodities.
(b) To the positive period blue and white
The Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain matured in the middle of the 14th century to the positive years, its direct cause is due to the stimulation of foreign trade demand. The blue-to-white period reflects the highest achievement of the blue and white flowers and is the main body and representative of the blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty.
There are many typical artifacts of the blue-to-white period, but there are three pairs of blue-and-white and blue-and-white flowers in the 11th year to the 11th year of the year. Two cases of furnace.
As a process that is fully mature to positive blue-and-white, it reaches a perfect level from raw materials, production, painting, and burning Chengdu. There are not only large-scale so-called "toward-style blue-and-white flowers", but also small-sized blue-and-white flowers that have the same decorative style as the blue-and-white.
The main features of the blue-to-white period can be summarized as:
1. Shi Hanqing's transparent glaze (white glaze) is different from the crystal-thick green blue glaze and is distinguished from the devitrified egg white glaze. See also the small piece of blue and white glaze.
2. With the imported su mud and green material, Tsui Li bright, slightly purple, line edge dispersal halo, blue see blue and brown spots.
In addition, to the period of the blue-and-white period, the main features of the blue-and-white decoration are lines, and some of the auxiliary tools such as plastic molding, stamping, and sculpting are used. The use of stamping methods is limited to large plates with a diameter of more than 40 cm. The ornamentation is varied, including flowers, figures, and animals. Dense composition, plate from the inside out, the bottleneck from top to bottom several layers or even more than a dozen patterns.
Therefore, the characteristic of the blue-to-white period is the transparent glaze of Shi Hanqing (individual green and white glaze), with imported green material, which is a basic feature. It must be emphasized that the blue-to-white period includes not only large blue-flowers, such as the blue-and-white bottle earrings in the 11th year of the year, but also the type of blue-and-white blue-and-white blue-and-white bottle earrings. The same medium and small blue-and-white floral devices as blue and white. During the second half of the 20th century, there were a large number of small and medium-sized blue-and-white floral devices of the Yuanqing flower found in China.
The upper limit of the blue-to-white period is still difficult to define precisely. According to the fact that some blue-and-white wares in the early Qing Dynasty were still applied to white glazes, and the domestic green material was used, the firing was not yet very precise. In view of the fact that the mature to normal period, the blue and white flowers should start at the very beginning or later, that is, 1440s. .
The lower limit of the blue-to-white period is about to end in the 1450s, that is, a period of up to 12 years or later. From the 12th year of the Supreme People's Republic of China onwards, the war in the Jingdezhen area continued until the last two decades. The Zhu Yuanzhang regime actually controlled Jingdezhen. The successive year's artillery not only affected the production of blue-flowered flowers with the main purpose of foreign trade, but also cut off the import of green materials. Source, resulting in the early end of the blue and white premature.
Different from the blue and white flowers during the Yanyu period, the commodity attributes of the blue and white flowers during the positive period are more clear.
(3) Blue and white flowers at the end of Yuan Dynasty
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, due to changes in production conditions caused by the war, blue-flower production used a variety of raw materials to produce different utensils to suit different sales targets. From the perspective of green materials, there were two kinds of imported cobalt materials and domestic cobalt materials. There are three kinds of white glaze, egg white glaze and green white glaze, in which the imported cobalt material is basically used for white glazed blue and white, and the domestically produced cobalt material is basically used for egg white glaze and blue-white glaze blue and white.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were imported green and white glazed blue and white porcelain (typically such as the five-claw dragon pattern blue floral device and the inner dark floral blue-and-white flower device), the domestically produced cobalt material egg white glaze blue and white porcelain (typically a small blue-flowered instrument unearthed in Southeast Asia) and the domestically produced cobalt material. Blue and white glazed blue and white porcelain (typically, such as some small blue flowers unearthed in China) three categories. As for the combination of other green materials and glaze, the situation still exists, but the proportion is small.
From the perspective of green materials, there are two kinds of imported green materials and domestic green materials at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The imported green material is used for large-scale devices or the production of exquisite medium and small devices. The domestic green materials are found in medium and small devices.
Looking from the glaze color, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there are three kinds of transparent white glazes, white glazes, and white-white glazes. The transparent white glaze and blue-and-white flowers basically use imported green materials, and the white-white glaze and blue-white glaze and blue-and-white flowers basically use domestic green materials.
The green color used for the blue and white glaze is mostly dark and rusty.
From the ornamentation look, the transparent white glaze imported green feeders follow the decorative style of the blue-and-white period, but basically do not use the method of imprinting and painting. The picture is slightly clearer than the blue-green period.
The white-glazed domestic green feeder pattern is mainly composed of the stylized bare floral pattern. The green and white glaze domestic green material pattern is slightly complicated, and the sketching method of sketching or stylization is adopted.
Due to the diversity of blue-and-white materials and needs in the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the characteristics of the products are complicated. Thus, when we judge the blue-and-white of a certain piece of Yuan from the abstract concept to concrete changes, the above three types of standard devices will appear. The fourth, fifth, and even more generalizations are different, which is the diversity and uncertainty of the characteristics of the blue and white porcelain in the late Yuan Dynasty.
The end of Yuan Dynasty: Domestic Cobalt Material White Glazed Blue and White Porcelain (typically a small blue-flowered instrument unearthed in Southeast Asia).
The development process of the blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty is subject to our scientific explanation based on more physical objects and literature.
Because of the unknown nature of many intermediate links, which are indispensable to detail, it is difficult for us to jump through these secrets and make correct judgments on the development of the entire blue and white flower. The more important reason is that the historical background, technological methods, and nature of the use of Yuan Blue and White are all very complicated, and the development of the Yuan Blue and White Flower appears in the chronological order as the integration of multi-layers that overlap each other. In other words, the division of the nominal time sequence is thick, fuzzy, and logical.
In the process of its own growth and development, the Yuan Dynasty blue-and-white porcelain constantly changed its craft and used different raw materials according to the object of sale of utensils.
From the glaze side, there are three types of white glazes, white glazes, and egg white glazes; from the perspective of green materials, there are two types of imported muddy green materials and domestic green materials.
The difference in the glazed surface of the blue and white and the difference in the green material and the combination of the two can be divided into three stages: the blue and white flowers in the Yanyou Period, the blue and white flowers in the positive period, and the blue and white in the late Yuan.
(A), Yanyou blue and white porcelain
The blue-and-white porcelain slowly developed in the early and middle stages of the Yuan Dynasty. From the early Yuan Dynasty (1271) to the late Yuan Dynasty (1335-1340), sixty to seventy years later, coarse-grained blue and white porcelain were produced intermittently and were mature elements. Blue flower preparation stage.
During the mature period of the blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, the blue and white flowers of Yanyou period still have a lot of originality and primitiveness on the craft. The characteristics can be summarized as follows:
1. Shi Qing white glaze, glaze or slightly transparent or slightly turbid, white or grayish yellow.
2. The use of domestic green materials, coloring green with ash or blue in the green, and some are light green and light at the Department of Qing gray, green and heavy at the Department of green and brown.
In addition, during the Yanyou period, in addition to the blue-and-white line decoration, the blue-and-white flowers used the auxiliary means such as plastic sculpture. In this period, the pattern ornament only saw the patterns of flowers such as peony, Ganoderma lucidum, twig chrysanthemum, lotus pattern, and Ruyi pattern. The patterns of figures and animals were not seen. The composition was simple and the screen was clear.
The basic characteristics of Yanyou blue and white flowers in the process are Shi Qing white glaze and the use of domestic green materials. The blue flower tower bottle unearthed from Yanyou’s six-year-old graves mainly reflected the craftsmanship and decorative features of the blue-and-white flowers of the early Yuan Dynasty, and was the representative of blue-and-white porcelain at this stage.
The blue-and-white statue of Guanyin that was unearthed from the Yuan Dynasty of 1276 to the Yuan-Jinzi dynasty has already had the basic characteristics of Yanyou blue and white flowers. It was the beginning of Yanyou flower's Yanyou period. In 1348, it was still in the blue and white range of Yanyou period that Shizhiqingzi was used as a white porcelain glaze and was made of homegrown green material.
At present, it is known that the blue and white flowers of the Yuanyanyou period unearthed from the tombs of the Jiyue or Jiyue are special utensils or burial devices. At the same time, no artifacts that met the characteristics of Yanyou period were found in the Yuan and Qinghua collections unearthed overseas.
Therefore, there are two aspects of the nature of Yanyou blue and white during the period of Yanyou: First, it is limited to domestic use, and it has not been used as a foreign trade commodity; Second, it is limited to a small amount of firing and has not been used for large-scale production of bulk commodities.
(b) To the positive period blue and white
The Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain matured in the middle of the 14th century to the positive years, its direct cause is due to the stimulation of foreign trade demand. The blue-to-white period reflects the highest achievement of the blue and white flowers and is the main body and representative of the blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty.
There are many typical artifacts of the blue-to-white period, but there are three pairs of blue-and-white and blue-and-white flowers in the 11th year to the 11th year of the year. Two cases of furnace.
As a process that is fully mature to positive blue-and-white, it reaches a perfect level from raw materials, production, painting, and burning Chengdu. There are not only large-scale so-called "toward-style blue-and-white flowers", but also small-sized blue-and-white flowers that have the same decorative style as the blue-and-white.
The main features of the blue-to-white period can be summarized as:
1. Shi Hanqing's transparent glaze (white glaze) is different from the crystal-thick green blue glaze and is distinguished from the devitrified egg white glaze. See also the small piece of blue and white glaze.
2. With the imported su mud and green material, Tsui Li bright, slightly purple, line edge dispersal halo, blue see blue and brown spots.
In addition, to the period of the blue-and-white period, the main features of the blue-and-white decoration are lines, and some of the auxiliary tools such as plastic molding, stamping, and sculpting are used. The use of stamping methods is limited to large plates with a diameter of more than 40 cm. The ornamentation is varied, including flowers, figures, and animals. Dense composition, plate from the inside out, the bottleneck from top to bottom several layers or even more than a dozen patterns.
Therefore, the characteristic of the blue-to-white period is the transparent glaze of Shi Hanqing (individual green and white glaze), with imported green material, which is a basic feature. It must be emphasized that the blue-to-white period includes not only large blue-flowers, such as the blue-and-white bottle earrings in the 11th year of the year, but also the type of blue-and-white blue-and-white blue-and-white bottle earrings. The same medium and small blue-and-white floral devices as blue and white. During the second half of the 20th century, there were a large number of small and medium-sized blue-and-white floral devices of the Yuanqing flower found in China.
The upper limit of the blue-to-white period is still difficult to define precisely. According to the fact that some blue-and-white wares in the early Qing Dynasty were still applied to white glazes, and the domestic green material was used, the firing was not yet very precise. In view of the fact that the mature to normal period, the blue and white flowers should start at the very beginning or later, that is, 1440s. .
The lower limit of the blue-to-white period is about to end in the 1450s, that is, a period of up to 12 years or later. From the 12th year of the Supreme People's Republic of China onwards, the war in the Jingdezhen area continued until the last two decades. The Zhu Yuanzhang regime actually controlled Jingdezhen. The successive year's artillery not only affected the production of blue-flowered flowers with the main purpose of foreign trade, but also cut off the import of green materials. Source, resulting in the early end of the blue and white premature.
Different from the blue and white flowers during the Yanyu period, the commodity attributes of the blue and white flowers during the positive period are more clear.
(3) Blue and white flowers at the end of Yuan Dynasty
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, due to changes in production conditions caused by the war, blue-flower production used a variety of raw materials to produce different utensils to suit different sales targets. From the perspective of green materials, there were two kinds of imported cobalt materials and domestic cobalt materials. There are three kinds of white glaze, egg white glaze and green white glaze, in which the imported cobalt material is basically used for white glazed blue and white, and the domestically produced cobalt material is basically used for egg white glaze and blue-white glaze blue and white.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were imported green and white glazed blue and white porcelain (typically such as the five-claw dragon pattern blue floral device and the inner dark floral blue-and-white flower device), the domestically produced cobalt material egg white glaze blue and white porcelain (typically a small blue-flowered instrument unearthed in Southeast Asia) and the domestically produced cobalt material. Blue and white glazed blue and white porcelain (typically, such as some small blue flowers unearthed in China) three categories. As for the combination of other green materials and glaze, the situation still exists, but the proportion is small.
From the perspective of green materials, there are two kinds of imported green materials and domestic green materials at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The imported green material is used for large-scale devices or the production of exquisite medium and small devices. The domestic green materials are found in medium and small devices.
Looking from the glaze color, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there are three kinds of transparent white glazes, white glazes, and white-white glazes. The transparent white glaze and blue-and-white flowers basically use imported green materials, and the white-white glaze and blue-white glaze and blue-and-white flowers basically use domestic green materials.
The green color used for the blue and white glaze is mostly dark and rusty.
From the ornamentation look, the transparent white glaze imported green feeders follow the decorative style of the blue-and-white period, but basically do not use the method of imprinting and painting. The picture is slightly clearer than the blue-green period.
The white-glazed domestic green feeder pattern is mainly composed of the stylized bare floral pattern. The green and white glaze domestic green material pattern is slightly complicated, and the sketching method of sketching or stylization is adopted.
Due to the diversity of blue-and-white materials and needs in the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the characteristics of the products are complicated. Thus, when we judge the blue-and-white of a certain piece of Yuan from the abstract concept to concrete changes, the above three types of standard devices will appear. The fourth, fifth, and even more generalizations are different, which is the diversity and uncertainty of the characteristics of the blue and white porcelain in the late Yuan Dynasty.
The end of Yuan Dynasty: Domestic Cobalt Material White Glazed Blue and White Porcelain (typically a small blue-flowered instrument unearthed in Southeast Asia).
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