More than 4,000 years ago (the transition from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age), after a long period of development in the Stone Age, many large and small clan countries with large civilizations were formed throughout China, in order to obtain suitable survival and development. In the strategic location, there have been many fierce wars between the various countries, and they have gradually annexed and merged. In the end, the war of slashing three seedlings and the victory of the tribal group of the Yellow River Basin ended, which promoted the birth of the Xia Dynasty.
The founder of the Xia Dynasty was a big man, and many repetitions of the "big 禹 羌 西 西" in the literature are the sayings (Xi'an is both ancient Gansu and eastern Qinghai). And many times mentioned that the early activities of Daxie were in Gansu. Some scholars have speculated that there was a powerful country in the early Xia Dynasty in this vast area of ​​Gansu Province and eastern Qinghai Province, but it has not found important information about this ancient country.
It is true that the long years of nearly 4,000 years have passed. With the erosion of natural wind and rain, the frequent replacement of the dynasty and the destruction of man-made wars, the old city has already collapsed and annihilated, becoming an inaccessible historical relic. But the ancient country that once disappeared in history is destined to reappear in front of people at some point.
One: Discover Qijia Culture
The Linxia Basin in Gansu Province, the Yellow River in the north, the Daxia River and the Weihe River in the tributary have left this land. This basin is the place where the legendary Daxie early activities, but for a long time, whether it is about Datun The story is still the so-called ancient country is considered to be unacceptable legend.
In this land of farming for the majority of farming, people live a leisurely and simple country life. The Linxia area has long lost the wealth that once existed. It seems that there is nothing special about it. But this land is destined to waver.
Everything stems from the ancient jade, bronze and pottery that the peasants unintentionally dug during the work. It was not until 1924 that the Swedish Anthony came to the Linxia Basin for an archaeological investigation. This kind of remains was discovered in Qijiaping, Guanghe County, and was published to the world. Later, archaeologists gave it a noun: Qijia Culture. Carbon four was measured in the age of 2000 and around BC, which was the time of the Xia Dynasty.
In fact, before the discovery of Qijia culture by Andersen, Qijia culture jade articles have been passed down to the world. There are several jade articles belonging to Qijia culture in the Qing Palace. Since the Republic of China, a small number of Qijia jade artifacts have been lost to collectors in Shanghai and abroad, but they have been limited by history. At that time, people’s understanding of jade articles was not in place, and it was considered to be a jade article in the Shang and Zhou dynasties and the Han Dynasty. Moreover, due to the small number of unearthed, it is very fragmented and has not received much attention.
After the founding of New China, the state attached importance to the development of archaeological undertakings. The legendary ancient kingdom finally ushered in modern archaeological excavations, and many fine jade articles were made public. In particular, in 1975, the Gansu Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeology Team excavated the ancestral group of the Emperor Niangtaitai Qijia Culture in the suburb of Wuwei City, and unearthed 323 jade articles. Among them, the M48 tomb excavated 83 pieces of jade, which belonged to the tribe. The tomb of the leader shocked the archaeological community at the time. ,
Gradually this land has become bustling, and treacherous businessmen, peasants who dream of making a fortune, and excited collectors have come here. The purpose of all is to get what jade. The very cheap jade that was once dug up has gradually become expensive. Especially since the end of the 1980s, Hong Kong and Taiwan cultural relics merchants flocked to Gansu to acquire Qijia ancient jade, causing large-scale excavation of peasants, and Linxia, ​​Dingxi, and Minhe.
According to the people who participated in the excavation of ancient jade in Linxia, ​​when they were many times, they had discovered dozens of jade articles at one time. Many of them had more than a hundred pieces. Some of the tombs in the tomb were pressed into a pagoda from small to large. If you dig it down, you can fill a trolley. The number is large, and you can think about how many jade articles were made by the Qijia ancient people.
Two: Discover the large ancient city and altar of Qijia culture
In 1986, archaeologists came to the Guanting Basin on the edge of Linxia in order to investigate the distribution of cultural relic sites. When they crossed the Yellow River for several kilometers, they reached a village that was rarely visited, and was found in the villagers’ hands. Many jade. After the villagers provided clues, they learned that there were many pottery pieces scattered on a loess platform in the north of the village, and the jade articles were unearthed on this platform.
The archaeologists were overjoyed and immediately arrived. Sure enough, they saw a thick cultural layer, and the scope was shocking. This is the ruins of the ancient city of Lajia, which is known as the Oriental Pompeii, which is well known in the academic world.
After several years of archaeological excavations, not only a large number of jade and workshops for making jade articles were discovered. It is also found that there is an ancient city ditch at the outer center of the site. The ditch is 10 meters wide and 3~4 meters deep. The ditch is surrounded by a rectangle, 600 meters long and 200 meters wide. In 2002, the artificially built soil platform was discovered, and there was a dry-column ceremony building next to the soil platform. A tomb was found at the top of the earthen platform, and a large number of jade articles were unearthed in the tomb. The owner of the tomb may be a clergyman such as a clan in a clan or tribe.
Archaeologists speculate that this earthen platform is an altar for the Qi family to engage in certain spiritual activities. The discovery was named one of the top ten major archaeological discoveries of the year. The current excavation area of ​​the Lajia site is only the tip of the iceberg of the site, which is subject to larger excavation. The ruins of the ancient city of Lajia may be one of the many large city-states in the Qijia ancient country at that time.
Three: Qijia culture has stepped into the ancient civilization
Since the discovery of Qijia culture, there has been a problem: Why is there a large number of jade articles in Qijia culture, which can explain what problems, what kind of relationship is there between jade and ancient countries?
It can be seen from the styles of these jade articles that jade, jade, jade and jade are not utilities, but sacrifices. In the period of the origin of civilization, the inevitable society has been stratified. The highest level is the aristocratic class. Their rights are based on organization, the second is on the military, and the third is on God. Therefore, they are often associated with the people of the wizarding class. This is what the ruling class had to do in order to maintain his kingship. This is why the Qi family needs to make a lot of jade.
Jade is actually an artifact of the ruler's power at that time. The social function of Qijia jade has surpassed the concept of ornamentation and participated in the formulation of the early social order. At that time, it had the function of constructing social hierarchy. Therefore, the emergence of Qi Jiayu etiquette marks that the culture has entered the era of civilization.
The mining, transportation and processing of Qijia jade is not something that a few people can accomplish. It can mobilize so many labors, and it can have such a large authority or appeal, indicating that the social organization structure at that time was very close. And not all Qijia culture tombs have jade, most of the tombs do not have jade, only a few high-standard tombs are buried with jade.
There are a few pieces, many dozens or even hundreds, and some tombs are also covered with a layer of cinnabar showing the right. This shows that class differentiation at the time was already very serious. This shows that the Qi family is no longer an era of ruthlessness, but has entered the civilization of the early ancient countries.
Four: Qijia culture opened up the earliest "Jade Road" in China
In recent years, the materials used in many jade artifacts unearthed from many Xia cultural sites in the Central Plains have been proved to be from Xinjiang Hetian. This gradually outlines a “Jade Road†that was little known four thousand years ago. From the geographical point of view, the distribution of Qijia culture is just at the key part of this jade road.
In addition to the Mahanshan jade mine near Lanzhou, the sources of Qijia culture jade materials are from the distant Qilian jade, Kunlun jade, and Hetian jade. In addition to their own use of jade, the Qi family will continue to input these jade materials. The Central Plains has become one of the main sources of materials for the Xia Dynasty jade in the Central Plains. The archaeological excavation proves that the business activities of the Jade Road have been developed as early as 4,000 years ago.
In any case, the Qijia ancient country has disappeared into the long river of history, leaving only a piece of exquisite jade, telling its incomparable glory and glory!
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